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<p>A <b>slapper detonator</b>, also called <b>exploding foil initiator</b> (<b>EFI</b>), is a <a href="Detonator" title="Detonator">detonator</a> developed by <a href="Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</a>, US Patent No. 4,788,913 (Filed 1971, Granted 1988). It is an improvement over the earlier <a href="Exploding-bridgewire_detonator" title="Exploding-bridgewire detonator">exploding-bridgewire detonator</a>. Instead of directly coupling the <a href="Shock_wave" title="Shock wave">shock wave</a> from the exploding wire (as the bridgewire does), the expanding <a href="Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a> from an explosion of a metal foil drives another thin plastic or metal foil called a "flyer" or a "slapper" across a gap, and its high-velocity impact on an <a href="Explosive" title="Explosive">explosive</a> (for example, <a href="PETN" class="mw-redirect" title="PETN">PETN</a> or <a href="Hexanitrostilbene" title="Hexanitrostilbene">hexanitrostilbene</a>) then delivers the energy and shock needed to initiate a <a href="Detonation" title="Detonation">detonation</a>. Normally all the slapper's <a href="Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a> is supplied by the heating (and hence expansion) of the plasma (the former foil) by the current passing through it, though constructions with a "back strap" to further drive the plasma forward by <a href="Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a> also exist. This assembly is quite efficient; up to 30% of the electrical energy can be converted to the slapper's kinetic energy. The device's name is derived from the English word "slap".

</p><p>The initial explosion is usually caused by explosive vaporization of a thin metal wire or strip, by driving several thousand amperes of <a href="Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric current</a> through it, usually from a <a href="Capacitor" title="Capacitor">capacitor</a> charged to several thousand volts. The switching may be done by a <a href="Spark_gap" title="Spark gap">spark gap</a> or a <a href="Krytron" title="Krytron">krytron</a>.

</p><p>Usually the construction consists of an <a href="Explosive_booster" title="Explosive booster">explosive booster</a> pellet, against which a disk with a hole in the center is set. Over the other side of the disk, there is a layer of an insulating film, for example, <a href="Kapton" title="Kapton">Kapton</a> or <a href="PET_film_(biaxially_oriented)" class="mw-redirect" title="PET film (biaxially oriented)">PET film</a>, with a thin strip of metal (typically <a href="Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminum</a> or <a href="Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>) foil deposited on its outer side. A narrowed section of the metal then explosively vaporizes when a current pulse passes through it, which shears the mylar foil and the plasma ball pushes it through the hole, accelerating it to very high speed. The impact then detonates the explosive pellet.

</p><p>Slapper detonators are frequently used in modern weapon designs and aerospace technology.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advantages">Advantages</h2></div>

<p>Advantages over explosive-bridgewire detonators include:

</p>

<ul><li>The foil does not come in contact with the explosive, which reduces the risk of corrosion of the foil or chemical reactions between the foil and explosive producing unstable compounds, and secondarily further reduces the risk of accidental electrical ignition of the explosive.</li>

<li>The energy to fire the detonator is quite low</li>

<li>The slapper pellet impacting an area of explosives rather than a single point as in an EBW is more reliable and efficient at initiating detonation.</li>

<li>The explosive can be pressed to higher density</li>

<li>Very insensitive explosives can be initiated directly.</li></ul>

<p>In a variant called <b>laser detonator</b> the vaporization can be caused by a high-power <a href="Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> pulse delivered over-the-air or coupled by an <a href="Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a>; this is reportedly used as a safety detonator in some <a href="Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> operations and <a href="Quarry" title="Quarry">quarries</a>. Typically a 1-watt <a href="List_of_laser_types#Solid-state_lasers" title="List of laser types">solid-state laser</a> is used.

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<ul><li><a href="Nuclear_weapon_design" title="Nuclear weapon design">Nuclear weapon design</a></li>

<li><a href="Triggering_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="Triggering sequence">Triggering sequence</a></li>

<li><a href="Exploding-bridgewire_detonator" title="Exploding-bridgewire detonator">Exploding-bridgewire detonator</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrothermal-chemical_technology" title="Electrothermal-chemical technology">Electrothermal-chemical technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Exploding-bridgewire_detonator#Firing_system" title="Exploding-bridgewire detonator">Firing system for exploding-bridgewire detonator</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation book cs1">Cooper, Paul W. (1996). <i>Explosives Engineering</i>. New York: Wiley-VCH. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-471-18636-8</bdi>.</cite></li>

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</style><span class="citation patent"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US4788913">US 4788913</a>, John R. Stroud & Donald L. Ornellas, "Flying-plate detonator using a high-density high explosive", issued 1988-12-06, assigned to United States of America</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=4788913&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Flying-plate+detonator+using+a+high-density+high+explosive&rft.inventor=John+R.+Stroud&rft.assignee=United+States+of+America&rft.date=1988-12-06&rft.appldate=1971-01-02"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Nwfaq/Nfaq4-1.html">Elements of Fission Weapon Design, section 4.1.6.2.2.6</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/102732391/Modelling-and-Simulation-of-Burst-Phenomenon-in-Electrically-Exploded-Foils">Modelling and Simulation of Burst Phenomenon in Electrically Exploded Foils</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160424162530/https://www.scribd.com/doc/102732391/Modelling-and-Simulation-of-Burst-Phenomenon-in-Electrically-Exploded-Foils">Archived</a> 2016-04-24 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory87" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mirror_Fusion_Test_Facility" title="Mirror Fusion Test Facility">Mirror Fusion Test Facility</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tandem_Mirror_Experiment" title="Tandem Mirror Experiment">Tandem Mirror Experiment</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="National_Atmospheric_Release_Advisory_Center" title="National Atmospheric Release Advisory Center">National Atmospheric Release Advisory Center</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Energy_Research_Scientific_Computing_Center" title="National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center">National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Ignition_Facility" title="National Ignition Facility">National Ignition Facility</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Supercomputers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ASC_Purple" title="ASC Purple">ASC Purple</a></li>

<li><a href="ASCI_Blue_Pacific" title="ASCI Blue Pacific">ASCI Blue Pacific</a></li>

<li><a href="ASCI_White" title="ASCI White">ASCI White</a></li>

<li><a href="Peloton_(supercomputer)" title="Peloton (supercomputer)">Peloton</a></li>

<li><a href="Sequoia_(supercomputer)" title="Sequoia (supercomputer)">Sequoia</a></li>

<li><a href="Sierra_(supercomputer)" title="Sierra (supercomputer)">Sierra</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lasers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Argus_laser" title="Argus laser">Argus</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyclops_laser" title="Cyclops laser">Cyclops</a></li>

<li><a href="Janus_laser" title="Janus laser">Janus</a></li>

<li><a href="Novette_laser" title="Novette laser">Novette</a></li>

<li><a href="Shiva_laser" title="Shiva laser">Shiva</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="LLNL_RISE_process" title="LLNL RISE process">LLNL RISE process</a></li>

<li><a href="Micropower_impulse_radar" title="Micropower impulse radar">Micropower impulse radar</a></li>

<li><a href="Reliable_Replacement_Warhead" title="Reliable Replacement Warhead">Reliable Replacement Warhead</a></li>

<li><a href="SCALD" title="SCALD">SCALD</a></li>

<li><a href="Yorick_(programming_language)" title="Yorick (programming language)">Yorick</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Ernest Lawrence</a></li>

<li><a href="Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Inertial_confinement_fusion" title="Inertial confinement fusion">Inertial confinement fusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Laser_Inertial_Fusion_Energy" title="Laser Inertial Fusion Energy">Laser Inertial Fusion Energy</a></li>

<li><a href="Stockpile_stewardship" title="Stockpile stewardship">Stockpile stewardship</a></li>

<li><a href="Sustained_Spheromak_Physics_Experiment" title="Sustained Spheromak Physics Experiment">Sustained Spheromak Physics Experiment</a></li>

<li><a href="Z-Division" title="Z-Division">Z-Division</a></li></ul>

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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2024-06-20" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Slapper_detonator&oldid=1230057498">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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